The most common reason for a hole in a metal roof is hail. Repairing the damage may appear to be a huge undertaking, but it is actually lot simpler than you might think.
Before attempting to repair it yourself or acquiring materials, you should acquire as much information as possible about the damage to your roof and the condition of your roof itself.
Even though metal roofs are exceptionally durable and long-lasting, they must be routinely maintained and repaired in order to live up to their estimated 30-year life expectancy.
Unfortunately, many people do not pay attention to their roofs, which eventually leads to the need to spend money on metal roof repair. The most common type of damage caused by a lack of maintenance on a roofing system is a hole.
People who are unsure how to mend a hole in a metal roof might examine the following suggestions.
How to Repair a Hole in a Metal Roof
Identify The Issue
Inspect your metal roof thoroughly to detect any potential trouble areas. You can handle the problem on your own, for example, if there is a little hole in the components of your roofing.
However, if the metal has more severe corrosion than a couple of holes here and there, you should probably consider contacting a roofing company. But, for the time being, let's focus on the precise patching job at hand.
Clean The Area
Before beginning to fix the hole, you must first clean the region around it that needs fixing. You won't be able to clean under the patch once it's been applied, so before you do that, you should make sure the metal is as clean as it can be. This will ensure that you don't add rust or other forms of deterioration to the area in the future. You can use steel wool to scratch the area around the hole; this will assist the material better absorb the glue that will be applied.
A hole in a metal roof may have been caused by a variety of factors, such as rust damage or an object that was particularly heavy and fell on the roof. It doesn't matter what caused the hole in your roof; the surrounding area will probably be filthy and covered with dust nonetheless.
As a result, it is strongly recommended to begin by cleaning the region. Start scrubbing the area and cleaning it up as soon as you can get your hands on some surface cleanser. Make sure that the area where the patch will be put has been thoroughly cleaned with a wire brush.
Carefully Cut Repair Spot And Area
The next thing that needs to be done is to cut the sheet metal in accordance with the damaged section of the roof. Install the patch made of sheet metal next to the metal panel in such a way that it overlaps with the damaged section of the roof. Next, trim the patch down to the correct dimensions. Remember to use a file to give the edges of the patch a round profile before you sew it on. This will prevent the corners from having an acute and angular appearance.
After you have carefully placed the patch over the hole and ensured that it fits properly, you can now remove the measuring tape. Trace the outline of the patch onto the metal roof with the pencil. Take off the patch and check the contour to see whether it overlaps anywhere near the broken area's perimeter.
After that, take a sheet of the metal roof panel and cut out a patch that is somewhat larger than the size of the hole that needs to be patched.
It is important that the patch be at least two inches larger on each side than the hole it is covering. Also, make sure that the corners of the patch are rounded off, or else it will act as a trap and cause snow and ice to accumulate on your roof.
You will need a piece of galvanised metal that is either the exact same size as the roof that you have installed on your building or one that is around the same size. As soon as you have a piece of that metal, cut out another piece that is significantly larger than the hole by around three inches on each side.
Installation Of The Repair Patch
Over the metal panel that need the fix, apply the urethane sealant as directed. It is necessary to apply the sealant in order to ensure that there are no spaces left along the edges of the repair patch.
Now, carefully apply pressure to the patch in the designated location. As a direct consequence of this, the sealant will seep out. In the event that there is a corner in which sealant does not ooze out, you will need to apply additional sealant. The additional sealant is what will eliminate the gap in order to guarantee that nothing is able to pass through.
In order to properly instal the patch, you will need to apply a generous amount of the sealant to the metal panel and then fasten it into position.
It is necessary for the adhesive sealant to leak out from around each and every edge. In the event that it does not, you will need to add more sealant. In addition, there should not be any air or gaps, as these could enable leaks to restart, leading to the formation of additional rust and, ultimately, another hole.
Secure The Patch
During the following stage of the repair process for the metal roof, the patch will be attached to the metal roof panel. It is recommended that screws be applied all the way around the edges of the patch. The patch will continue to be held in place under the roof panel in this manner.
In the event that you notice any moisture dripping from the patch, you should retool it using a putty knife. After you have completed the work of securing the patch, the next step in repairing the metal roof is to paint the panel to match the colour of the roof.
After the patch has been glued, it should be screwed into the roof, and then, using a putty knife, the sealant that has seeped out from under the patch should be spread around the outside of the patch to create a seal that goes all the way around the outside of the patch. This will ensure that the patch is watertight.
Sealant is commonly applied on top of each screw by a number of persons. Once more, ensure that you give this ample time to completely dry before moving on to the next step.
Paint The Patch To Match The Rest Of The Roof
Since this is your home, it is practically a given that you will want to paint the patch to blend in with the rest of the roof. Since this isn't the first time you've painted the roof, you probably have some paint left over from the last time you did it. The paint is not only beneficial to the overall appearance of your roof, but it also serves as an additional layer of sealant. Before applying the paint to the metal, you must first rub it with steel wool. After that, you can apply the paint.
Drill Your Roof
At this point, you will need to drill holes through not only your metal strip but also the region surrounding the hole that needs to be patched. After you have completed this step, you will be able to screw the patched material over the entire opening.
Seal The Material
After you have successfully patched the damaged area with the new material, you will need to seal the perimeter of the repair. Caulk should be used to cover the edges, and roof coating should be used to thoroughly seal it.
How To Patch A Metal Roof
The process of patching a metal roof is not overly complicated, but it does require accuracy in its application.
Heat causes the expansion and contraction of metal roofs. Because it is smaller than the panel that needs to be mended, the patch will expand and contract at a different rate than the panel.
If you follow these simple instructions, you may be confident that your leaking metal roof will be repaired correctly. But before we get started, let's make sure we have all of the necessary supplies and equipment.
Material:
- Metal patch - a piece of metal that is comparable to the panel and is used to fix it
- Caulk made of urethane
- Sheet metal screws with a pan head
- Identical Paint for Touch-Ups
- Cleaner
- Polyester Tape for Sewing Seams in Fabric (optional)
- Coating Made of Elastomeric (optional)
Tools:
- Cutters for Metal
- Drill or Impact Driver Equipped with a Phillips Head Bit
- Small Putty Knife
- Caulk Gun
- Cloth of Emery
- 600-grit sandpaper
- Brush with a diameter of 6.5 cm (optional)
Prepare The Patch
Select a piece of metal that is comparable to or identical to the panel that has to be repaired. Make sure the patch is at least two inches wider than the region that has to be patched when you cut it out.
In order to fix the leak, lightly sand the edges of the roof seam using the emery cloth. This will remove any burrs or roughness.
Prepare The Area To Patch
Examine the damage to make certain that nothing protrudes upward that will prevent the patch from sitting flat on the repaired area.
If there is anything that is preventing the patch from being applied, remove it by cutting it or pounding it flat. If a level surface cannot be obtained, the panel may need to be replaced or the patch may need to be made larger.
After it has been determined that the surface can be repaired, the affected area should be meticulously cleaned with the cleaner. Check to see that there is no residue left on the surface.
Install The Patch
After positioning the patch so that it covers the damaged area, trace its contours onto the panel.
Applying the urethane sealant to the outer two inches of the patch's traced shape is the first step in completing the patch. After positioning the patch over the sealant, firmly press down on it.
It is necessary for the sealant to extend beyond the border of the patch. Any area in which the sealant has not been squeezed out completely will require additional sealant.
Make sure the sealant is even and smooth around the patch's perimeter by using the putty knife. It should be even all the way around the sides and there shouldn't be any cavities or gaps.
Secure The Patch
Install the screws with the pan heads in a uniform manner all the way around the patch's border. Each screw should be positioned one inch from the edge and firmly embedded in the sealant.
Make sure the screws you choose are just the right length to secure the patch to the panel. To ensure that the patch and panel are able to expand and contract in the correct manner, the screws must not be inserted into the roof deck.
Install the screws at intervals of three to four inches all the way around the perimeter, beginning one inch in from each edge. It is essential that the screws be installed in the correct manner in order to avoid failure.
The screws need to be hammered in straight down and should be held tightly against the patch. When tightening the screws, take care not to overdrive or underdrive them.
Both overdriving and underdriving can cause the roof patch to become loose, but overdriving is more likely to result in this happening. In a same vein, trying to drive it at an angle will also result in failure.
Before continuing on to the next step, you should check once more to ensure that the sealant is evenly and completely covering all of the seams. At no point surrounding the repair should there be any spaces or holes in the sealant, it should be completely uninterrupted.
Paint To Match
After the sealer has been allowed to fully dry and cure, you can then prepare the surface to be painted. Sandpaper with a grit of 600 should be used to scratch up the roof repair and the panel. However, you must be careful not to harm the sealant.
Painting is not required, but it is recommended because it protects the metal more effectively and hides the repair.
Patch A Raised Seam On A Metal Roof
On standing seam metal roofing, we do not recommend patching the seams; however, it may be necessary to create a temporary patch until professional repairs are made.
First things first, follow the instructions in Step 2 regarding cleaning and prepping the space. Following that, we will apply the seam tape made of polyester cloth on the patch.
To patch the area, cut the tape so that it is four to five inches longer than the area. After positioning the tape so that it covers the seam, firmly press down on both sides to adhere it to the deck.
Apply a layer of the elastomeric coating all over the seam tape. Elastomeric is a specialised roof coating that has been intended to add 10–20 years of additional life to flat roofs. It will enable the metal to retain its natural ability to contract and expand.
Repairing Holes In Corrugated Roofing Sheets
You may make your home's roof more aesthetically pleasing with the help of corrugated roofing sheets. The sheets might be made of metal, PVC, or fibreglass, and they might have a wave-like pattern on them.
The increased resiliency and durability of roofing is made possible by this design. On the other hand, it is not unusual for damage to become apparent with the passage of time. This could include holes in your roof that lead to water damage inside your home. The following are some pointers that may assist you in patching gaps in corrugated roofing.
Locate The Holes
It is imperative that you locate the exact locations of the holes in your roof. Small holes might be difficult to locate, in contrast to larger ones, which are more obvious.
On roofs, holes almost always lead to the formation of leaks. Carefully inspect the ceiling to see if there are any evidence of water damage. Mark all of the holes, both from within the house and from the roof of the structure. This will guarantee that you pay attention to each and every hole.
Preparation
Before beginning the restoration process, it would be beneficial for you to carefully clean the areas that have been damaged. Scrub the roof with a wire brush, for instance, if the roof is covered in corrugated metal panels. This assists in removing grime, debris, and corrosion from the surface.
Use a whisk sweep to remove the dust and debris off the roof. After that, remove any traces of filth that may still be present by wiping with rubbing alcohol and a clean towel.
In order to eliminate any loose particles, clean the region around the PVC and fibreglass panels using an old toothbrush. After that, apply acetone to a clean rag and use it to wipe down the area. Finally, before beginning the repair, make sure the corrugated roofing has had ample time to properly dry off.
Patching Materials For Metal Corrugated Roofing Sheets
It is possible to repair gaps in corrugated metal roofing using a substance called urethane roof cement, which is an outstanding solution.
Utilising a putty knife, methodically apply the cement until the hole is entirely filled up and sealed off. After that, obtain some roofing mesh and cut out two square patches of the same size; next, press one of the patches over the roofing cement.
Permit that it should mould itself to the outlines of the metal panel. Apply some additional roofing cement on top of the roofing mesh, and after that, secure the other square patch into place. A finishing coat of roofing cement should be applied on top of the mesh patch. Utilizing a putty knife, spread it out evenly.
Pvc And Fiberglass Patching Materials
Lacquer should be applied with an old cloth all the way around the hole in PVC roofing. After that, place a piece of tape over the hole to seal it.
It is imperative that you acquire sealing tape specifically intended for PVC material, as it is possible that alternative tapes will not adequately seal. On apply pressure to the seal, you can use a rubber roller. You will be able to gain access to the ridges, valleys, and contours of the roofing panels with the roller. Dewaxing agents should be applied to the fibreglass laminate before it is laminated to establish a strong bond for the roofing material made of fibreglass. Cover the holes with alternating layers of layers of fibreglass mat and layers of fibreglass cloth. Use resin to seal each of the layers.
Utilising a resin roller, distribute the resin in a uniform layer. The roller contributes to the reduction of bumps as well as air bubbles. After the resin has had sufficient time to cure, the next step is to apply a gel coat to the region that was repaired.
Safety Measures
Put on shoes that will offer you a good grip on the roof so you won't fall off. Certain climatic conditions raise the probability of accidents occuring during roofing construction. When the weather is damp or windy, you should avoid making repairs on the roof. It is recommended to postpone the job until you are positive that the weather will be clear in order to account for the possibility of a storm.
Installing A Corrugated Tin Roof
The use of corrugated tin roofing as a material for temporary buildings or storerooms is highly recommended. There is a wide range of sizes available for corrugated tin panels, and you should get the size that allows you to get the most out of the roof joists you have.
Measure
Check that you have an accurate count of the number of sheets of corrugated metal you will require. This can be accomplished by dividing the height of the roof by the length of the metal sheet, and dividing the breadth of the roof by the width of the metal sheet.
Fix The Sheets
Position the first corrugated metal sheet so that it is at the bottom corner of the roof, with a tiny overlap at the side and front of the structure. Nails for the roofing should be hammered through the top of the humps, and between 16 and 24 nails should be used per sheet. In order to fortify the joint and ensure that it is impervious to water, the second sheet will be fastened adjacent to the first sheet by overlapping one of the lumps. Carry on in this fashion until the entirety of the roof has been coated. If the second row of sheets is necessary, the first row should be overlapped by at least an inch with the second row of sheets.
You will end up with a roof that is both practical and waterproof if you do this, and the same procedure may also be used to replace the roof of a house if that becomes necessary.
How To Repair Leaking Roof Eaves
Eaves are an essential component of any roof design that incorporates them because of the role they play in deflecting water away from the surface of the roof. If the eaves of the roof are leaking, the rainwater will have to go someplace, and in most cases, that somewhere is within the house.
This can lead to significant problems, such as the wood decaying, and it also provides access for animals of a smaller size. Mold will also begin to grow with time, which can be hazardous to your health as well as the health of your family. The article that follows will provide information on how to repair roof eaves that are leaking.
Inspection
Unless there is a 100% likelihood that it won't rain, you shouldn't inspect anything above the roof's eaves. Get a better look at the roof's overhanging eaves by ascending the ladder. You'll need to move the ladder along the side of the house if you want a good view of all the eaves.
Make sure there are no breaks in the roof's eaves and remove any debris, such as twigs and leaves, that you find. Leaks can be found more quickly if water is poured from a garden hose into the eaves, and then the region is thoroughly examined to determine the source of the water loss. Small cracks or holes should not be ignored because they can rapidly worsen.
Patching Up Little Rip-Offs
Waterproof silicone can have small cracks and holes patched with just your finger and some water-resistant silicone sealer. To get started, cut off the end of the tube of silicone caulking at an angle of around 45 degrees using a sharp knife.
If you find any small or shallow holes or cracks, use the silicone caulk to seal them up. Before using your finger to smooth out the caulk, use it to moisten the caulk. Furthermore, this will press the caulk into the opening or crevice, smoothing out any imperfections. Do this for all of the roof vents.
Fixing a Big Hole
It was once a tiny fissure in the eaves of the roof, but it has since expanded. These perforations make it harder to repair the harm. This will be more difficult if the roof eaves are also joined to the metal gutters. You can use the same techniques for finding larger holes in the roof as you would for finding leaks in the roof leaves. Tin snips should be used to make an incision in the affected area, and the offending material should be cut out.
Metal flashing should be cut just larger than the opening so it can overlap itself when it is installed. The flashing can then be fastened into place once it has been cut to size and shaped to fit properly. When the flashing is removed, the underside of the eaves of the roof is exposed, therefore you should seal it with roof cement. Place the flashing back where it came from and push down to seat it. It's highly likely that cement from the roof will seep through the joints.
Use the putty knife to spread the cement across the hole or crack. After a day, you can test the durability of your roof repair by letting water run down the roof's eaves. Keep up with any fixes until there is no longer any evidence of water.
Conclusion
Most common damage caused by a lack of maintenance on a roofing system is a hole. A hole in a metal roof may have been caused by rust damage or an object that fell on the roof. Repairing the damage is actually a lot simpler than you might think. You will need a piece of galvanised metal that is the exact same size as the roof that you have installed on your building or one that is around the same size. It is important that the patch be at least two inches larger on each side than the hole it is covering.
Sealant is commonly applied on top of each screw by a number of persons. It is recommended that screws be applied all the way around the edges of the patch. After the patch has been glued, it should be screwed into the roof using a putty knife. The process of patching a metal roof is not overly complicated, but it does require accuracy in its application. If you follow these simple instructions, you may be confident that your leaking metal roof will be repaired.
But before we get started, let's make sure we have all the necessary supplies and equipment. After it has been determined that the surface can be repaired, the affected area should be meticulously cleaned with cleaner. Make sure the sealant is even and smooth around the patch's perimeter by using the putty knife. When tightening the screws, take care not to overdrive or underdrive them. Overdriving and underdriving can cause the roof patch to become loose.
Sandpaper with a grit of 600 should be used to scratch up the roof repair and the panel. Elastomeric is a specialised roof coating intended to add 10–20 years of additional life to flat roofs. On roofs, holes almost always lead to the formation of leaks. It is possible to repair gaps in corrugated metal roofing using urethane roof cement. Lacquer should be applied with an old cloth all the way around the hole in PVC roofing.
After that, place a piece of tape over the hole to seal it. It is imperative that you acquire sealing tape specifically intended for PVC material. Dewaxing agents should be applied to the fibreglass laminate before it is laminated. When the weather is damp or windy, you should avoid making repairs on the roof. Eaves are an essential component of any roof design that incorporates them.
They play a crucial role in deflecting water away from the surface of the roof. The same procedure may also be used to replace the roof of a house if that becomes necessary. Read on to find out how to repair roof eaves that are leaking. Waterproof silicone can have small cracks and holes patched with just your finger and some water-resistant silicone sealer. If you find any small or shallow holes or cracks, use the silicone caulk to seal them up. When the flashing is removed, the underside of the eaves of the roof is exposed so seal it with roof cement.
Content Summary
- The most common reason for a hole in a metal roof is hail.
- Before attempting to repair it yourself or acquiring materials, you should acquire as much information as possible about the damage to your roof and the condition of your roof itself.
- The most common type of damage caused by a lack of maintenance on a roofing system is a hole.
- People who are unsure how to mend a hole in a metal roof might examine the following suggestions.
- How to Repair a Hole in a Metal Roof Identify The IssueInspect your metal roof thoroughly to detect any potential trouble areas.
- Clean The AreaBefore beginning to fix the hole, you must first clean the region around it that needs fixing.
- Carefully Cut Repair Spot And AreaThe next thing that needs to be done is to cut the sheet metal in accordance with the damaged section of the roof.
- Install the patch made of sheet metal next to the metal panel in such a way that it overlaps with the damaged section of the roof.
- Next, trim the patch down to the correct dimensions.
- Trace the outline of the patch onto the metal roof with the pencil.
- After that, take a sheet of the metal roof panel and cut out a patch that is somewhat larger than the size of the hole that needs to be patched.
- Installation Of The Repair PatchOver the metal panel that need the fix, apply the urethane sealant as directed.
- It is necessary to apply the sealant in order to ensure that there are no spaces left along the edges of the repair patch.
- Now, carefully apply pressure to the patch in the designated location.
- In order to properly instal the patch, you will need to apply a generous amount of the sealant to the metal panel and then fasten it into position.
- Secure The PatchDuring the following stage of the repair process for the metal roof, the patch will be attached to the metal roof panel.
- The patch will continue to be held in place under the roof panel in this manner.
- After you have completed the work of securing the patch, the next step in repairing the metal roof is to paint the panel to match the colour of the roof.
- After the patch has been glued, it should be screwed into the roof, and then, using a putty knife, the sealant that has seeped out from under the patch should be spread around the outside of the patch to create a seal that goes all the way around the outside of the patch.
- This will ensure that the patch is watertight.
- Paint The Patch To Match The Rest Of The Roof
- Since this is your home, it is practically a given that you will want to paint the patch to blend in with the rest of the roof.
- Before applying the paint to the metal, you must first rub it with steel wool.
- After that, you can apply the paint.
- In order to fix the leak, lightly sand the edges of the roof seam using the emery cloth.
- Applying the urethane sealant to the outer two inches of the patch's traced shape is the first step in completing the patch.
- Secure The PatchInstall the screws with the pan heads in a uniform manner all the way around the patch's border.
- Make sure the screws you choose are just the right length to secure the patch to the panel.
- To ensure that the patch and panel are able to expand and contract in the correct manner, the screws must not be inserted into the roof deck.
- Both overdriving and underdriving can cause the roof patch to become loose, but overdriving is more likely to result in this happening.
- Before continuing on to the next step, you should check once more to ensure that the sealant is evenly and completely covering all of the seams.
- At no point surrounding the repair should there be any spaces or holes in the sealant, it should be completely uninterrupted.
- Paint To MatchAfter the sealer has been allowed to fully dry and cure, you can then prepare the surface to be painted.
- Sandpaper with a grit of 600 should be used to scratch up the roof repair and the panel.
- Patch A Raised Seam On A Metal RoofOn standing seam metal roofing, we do not recommend patching the seams; however, it may be necessary to create a temporary patch until professional repairs are made.
- Apply a layer of the elastomeric coating all over the seam tape.
- Repairing Holes In Corrugated Roofing SheetsYou may make your home's roof more aesthetically pleasing with the help of corrugated roofing sheets.
- It is imperative that you locate the exact locations of the holes in your roof.
- Mark all of the holes, both from within the house and from the roof of the structure.
- Use a whisk sweep to remove the dust and debris off the roof.
- Finally, before beginning the repair, make sure the corrugated roofing has had ample time to properly dry off.
- On apply pressure to the seal, you can use a rubber roller.
- You will be able to gain access to the ridges, valleys, and contours of the roofing panels with the roller.
- Dewaxing agents should be applied to the fibreglass laminate before it is laminated to establish a strong bond for the roofing material made of fibreglass.
- Cover the holes with alternating layers of layers of fibreglass mat and layers of fibreglass cloth.
- Use resin to seal each of the layers.
- Utilising a resin roller, distribute the resin in a uniform layer.
- When the weather is damp or windy, you should avoid making repairs on the roof.
- Installing A Corrugated Tin RoofThe use of corrugated tin roofing as a material for temporary buildings or storerooms is highly recommended.
- Fix The Sheets
- Position the first corrugated metal sheet so that it is at the bottom corner of the roof, with a tiny overlap at the side and front of the structure.
- If the second row of sheets is necessary, the first row should be overlapped by at least an inch with the second row of sheets.
- If the eaves of the roof are leaking, the rainwater will have to go someplace, and in most cases, that somewhere is within the house.
- The article that follows will provide information on how to repair roof eaves that are leaking.
- InspectionUnless there is a 100% likelihood that it won't rain, you shouldn't inspect anything above the roof's eaves.
- Get a better look at the roof's overhanging eaves by ascending the ladder.
- You'll need to move the ladder along the side of the house if you want a good view of all the eaves.
- Make sure there are no breaks in the roof's eaves and remove any debris, such as twigs and leaves, that you find.
- Waterproof silicone can have small cracks and holes patched with just your finger and some water-resistant silicone sealer.
- If you find any small or shallow holes or cracks, use the silicone caulk to seal them up.
- Do this for all of the roof vents.
- You can use the same techniques for finding larger holes in the roof as you would for finding leaks in the roof leaves.
- When the flashing is removed, the underside of the eaves of the roof is exposed, therefore you should seal it with roof cement.
- After a day, you can test the durability of your roof repair by letting water run down the roof's eaves.
- Keep up with any fixes until there is no longer any evidence of water.
Frequently Asked Questions About Metal Roof
Cover the hole with putty cement using the putty knife. Using the tin snips, cut a 4-inch square out of the sheet metal. Apply urethane caulk to the back of the square of sheet metal and place it over the putty-filled hole with the caulking device. Remove any excess caulk with a damp cloth.
For metal roofs, a high-solid polyether or silicone sealant is best. Many of these are pigmented to match popular roof colours, so they blend in and form a solid seal.
How To Patch Screw Holes in Metal Roof Panels
- Step 1: Assemble All the Necessary Tools and Materials.
- Step 2: Clean the Area to Be Repaired.
- Step 3: Scour the Metal Surface.
- Step 4: Measure and Cut a Patch for the Repair Surface.
- Step 5: Place the Patch Over the Repair Area.
- Step 6: Secure the Sheet Metal Patch.
Epoxy or Tape
Epoxy and tape are two common no-weld hole repair options. These do-it-yourself approaches are effective when repairing a small hole rather than a significant tear. Specialty epoxy and tape products are designed to patch steel and metal.
For a metal roof system, a silicone sealant is preferred as it adheres well to metal and other common construction materials. It also offers excellent moisture and UV protection and features exceptional joint movement capabilities.